A Review of Family Structure and Its Changing Dimensions in Modern Society: A Sociological Perspective

Abstract

The family has traditionally been regarded as the most fundamental unit of society, shaping individual identity, social values, and cultural continuity. However, in the context of modernity, globalization, and rapid socio-economic transformations, the structure and functions of the family have undergone significant changes. This review critically examines the evolving dimensions of family life from a sociological perspective, tracing its transformation from traditional extended and patriarchal models toward diverse forms such as nuclear families, single-parent households, same-sex partnerships, and cohabiting units. Drawing on existing literature, the study highlights the influence of industrialization, urbanization, feminist movements, legal reforms, and digital technologies in redefining marriage, parenting, and intergenerational relations. It also explores the implications of shifting gender roles, declining fertility rates, and changing expectations of care, while recognizing the resilience of the family as a site of emotional support, socialization, and value transmission. By synthesizing various sociological perspectives, the review underscores the dual nature of change in the family—where increasing pluralism and individual autonomy coexist with persistent challenges such as marital instability, generational conflict, and social inequalities. The analysis concludes that family structures, though constantly evolving, remain central to social cohesion and cultural reproduction. Ultimately, understanding these changing dynamics contributes to a deeper sociological insight into modern society and provides valuable guidance for policymakers, educators, and social institutions.