Plastic Waste–Based Eco-Friendly Bricks: A Sustainable Construction Review

Abstract

The rapid increase in plastic waste generation has become a major environmental concern due to its non-biodegradable nature and limited recycling potential. At the same time, the construction industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources and energy, contributing significantly to environmental degradation and carbon emissions. In response to these challenges, plastic waste–based eco-friendly bricks have emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional masonry materials. This review paper critically examines the utilization of plastic waste in brick manufacturing, focusing on material types, production techniques, and performance characteristics. Various manufacturing methods, including plastic–sand composites, plastic–cement bricks, and molded plastic blocks, are reviewed with respect to their mechanical strength, water absorption, durability, and thermal properties. The environmental benefits of these bricks, such as reduced landfill disposal, conservation of natural aggregates, and lower energy requirements, are also discussed. In addition, the review highlights key challenges related to fire resistance, long-term performance, standardization, and regulatory compliance that limit large-scale adoption. By synthesizing findings from recent experimental and review studies, this paper identifies research gaps and future directions necessary for improving material performance and facilitating commercialization. Overall, plastic waste–based eco-friendly bricks demonstrate strong potential to support sustainable construction practices and circular economy principles when supported by continued research, technological refinement, and policy integration.