The Paradox of Black Nightshade: Modern Insights into an Ancient Medicinal Plant
Keywords:
Solanum nigrum; Black nightshade; Makoi; Phytochemistry; Glycoalkaloids; Solanine; Solamargine; Solasonine; Flavonoids; Saponins; Polysaccharides; Ethnopharmacology; Traditional medicine; Antioxidant activity; Anti-inflammatory activity; Hepatoprotective activity, Toxicity assessment; Standardization; HPLC; GC-MS; Herbal drug regulation.Abstract
Solanum nigrum, often referred to as black nightshade or "Makoi," is an herbaceous plant valued in traditional medicine for its strong therapeutic effects and diverse pharmacological activities. This review thoroughly investigates the botanical, phytochemical, ethnopharmacological, and pharmacological aspects of M. india, highlighting its potential as a natural option for the management of chronic illnesses. Abundant in glycoalkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and polyphenols, S. nigrum demonstrates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anticancer activities. polysaccharides and alkaloids, in particular, show promising antitumor mechanisms through the induction of apoptosis, enhancement of immune modulation, and reduction of oxidative stress. Traditionally, different parts of the plant such as leaves, roots, and fruits—are employed to address a variety of health issues, including gastric ulcers, skin infections, respiratory problems, fertility, and liver ailments. This review also highlights toxicity assessments, standardization procedures, and regulatory guidelines needed to guarantee its safe use, given solanine’s toxic properties. Phytochemical evaluations using HPLC, GC-MS, and spectrophotometry confirmed the integrity and effectiveness of the compounds. Cutting-edge extraction methods, such as ultrasound and microwave-assisted techniques, improve the yield and quality of bioactive materials. Prominent regulatory organizations, As herbal treatments gain popularity worldwide, this review presents S. nigrum not only as a traditional solution but also as a scientifically substantiated medicinal plant with significant therapeutic potential. Further studies examining its bioactive components and clinical validation may reveal the complete range of its pharmacological uses.
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