Generative Artificial Intelligence, Large Language Models, and Intelligent Assessment Systems: Implications for India

Abstract

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) and large language models (LLMs) are reshaping work, public infrastructure, healthcare, enterprise operations, linguistic accessibility, and scientific discovery. This paper examines the implications of these technologies for India, with particular attention to employment, AI governance, productivity measurement, digital payments, medical digital pathology, enterprise adoption, sovereign AI infrastructure, and AI-enabled scientific research. The discussion challenges the assumption that artificial intelligence will simply produce widespread job destruction and instead emphasizes the changing composition of skills and the growing importance of digital-physical hybrid work. It further argues that India's strength in population-scale digital public infrastructure can support AI diffusion, but that deployment capability must be complemented by foundational model capacity, shared compute, data access, research infrastructure, and appropriate governance. The paper also identifies human-in-the-loop supervision, explainability, multilingual capability, and institutional adaptation as critical conditions for responsible and effective adoption. Finally, it considers AI-enabled scientific discovery as a strategic dimension of technological sovereignty.