Intellectual Property, Benefit Sharing and Ethical Commercialization of Indian Knowledge Systems: A Sustainable Management Perspective

Abstract

Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) represent a rich, historically embedded body of knowledge encompassing traditional medicine, ecological stewardship, agriculture, and community-based governance. In recent years, the commercial utilization of IKS—particularly in sectors such as AYUSH, herbal pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and biodiversity-based enterprises—has expanded significantly. However, this commercialization raises critical concerns related to intellectual property protection, equitable benefit sharing, and ethical management. Conventional intellectual property regimes inadequately address the collective, intergenerational, and culturally embedded nature of IKS, often resulting in misappropriation and exclusion of knowledge holders from value creation.

Drawing upon stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and sustainability-oriented management literature, this conceptual paper develops an integrative framework for the ethical commercialization of Indian Knowledge Systems. Using Indian case illustrations including the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), AYUSH-based enterprises, and tribal medicinal plant initiatives, the study proposes a conceptual model and theoretical propositions linking ethical governance to sustainable value creation. The paper contributes to management scholarship by positioning ethical IKS governance as a strategic capability for inclusive and sustainable development, with implications for managers, policymakers, and researchers.