The Structural Transformation of Victimology in India: A Socio-Legal Analysis of Recent Criminal Reforms in Combatting Violence Against Women

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive socio-legal analysis of the structural transformation of victimology in India, with particular emphasis on recent criminal law reforms designed to combat violence against women. The analysis demonstrates a paradigm shift from a predominantly offender-centric criminal justice system to one increasingly recognizing victims as central figures in justice delivery. Drawing upon the landmark Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023, legislative frameworks, judicial pronouncements and contemporary institutional mechanisms, this article examines how India's criminal justice system has evolved to incorporate victim-oriented principles. The paper further explores the implementation challenges, lacunae in current frameworks and the emerging potential of restorative justice practices in creating a more humane and balanced justice system that aligns with constitutional values and international standards. Through this structural analysis, the article argues that while significant progress has been achieved, sustained efforts in legislative clarity, institutional capacity-building and resource allocation are essential to transform victimology from an academic discourse into a lived reality for victims of violence against women in India.