Automatic Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System Using Fuzzy PI Controller

Abstract

Azomethines (Schiff bases) are a versatile class of ligands capable of forming stable complexes with transition metals through the azomethine nitrogen and auxiliary donor sites. This study investigates the comparative coordination behaviour of selected azomethines with divalent (Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺) and trivalent (Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺) transition metals. The complexes were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis, NMR, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Thermodynamic stability constants were determined using potentiometric titrations at 298 K, and the effect of oxidation state on complex geometry and stability was examined. Results reveal higher stability constants for trivalent metal complexes, attributed to greater ionic potential, along with notable variations in coordination geometries between the two metal categories.

Spectroscopic techniques including UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry were employed to elucidate the nature of bonding and electronic effects induced by the coordination of metal ions. These techniques unveiled distinct coordination modes and geometries influenced by the metal’s oxidation state and electron configuration.

This study advances the understanding of coordination chemistry of azomethines, underlining the nuanced differences between divalent and trivalent metal complexes. These insights have potential implications for the tailored design of metal-based catalysts, sensors, and therapeutic agents.