Green Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, Photocatalytic Performance, Heavy Metal Ion Sensing of Cissus quadrangularis-Mediated TiO₂, Ag, ZnO, Au, and Cerium-Doped Nanoparticles
Keywords:
Cissus quadrangularis, Green synthesis, Cerium-doped nanoparticles, Nanoparticle characterization, Methylene blue, Environmental remediation, Photocatalytic degradationAbstract
In the current research work, the green synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic properties of TiO₂, Ag, ZnO, Au, and the corresponding cerium-doped nanoparticles have been carried out via the use of Cissus quadrangularis leaf extract as a biological reducing and stabilizing agent. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by means of UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, FESEM, EDAX analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and DRS in order to examine their optical, functional, structural, morphological, elemental, and electronic characteristics. From the results of the characterization of the nanoparticles, the successful synthesis of the nanoparticles is confirmed via the distinctive characteristic profiles of spectroscopy and diffraction. FESEM analysis confirmed the presence of nanoscale particles having characteristic morphologies. From the results of DRS analysis, the doping of the cerium into the nanoparticles was found to reduce their optical band-gap energies, which indicated their ability to absorb the visible light efficiently. Photocatalytic activities of all the obtained nanoparticles were evaluated via the degradation of methylene blue dye under natural sunlight illumination. It was observed that the obtained nanoparticles have the time-dependent photocatalytic activities; however, Ce-doped nanoparticles have more enhanced photocatalytic activities than the corresponding undoped nanoparticles. Au–Ce, ZnO–Ce, and Ag–Ce nanoparticles after 135 min of illumination showed the degradation efficiencies of approximately 99.9%, 99.8%, and 99.6%, respectively. Kinetics analysis indicated the best agreement with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, where Au–Ce nanoparticles have the highest rate constant of 0.0378 min⁻¹. Furthermore, it was found that there is a negative correlation between optical band-gap energy and degradation efficiency of the nanoparticles.
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