Study of Plant Diseases and Their Management in Agricultural Crops
Keywords:
Plant diseases, agricultural crops, fungal diseases, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, sustainable agriculture, integrated disease management, crop protection, disease management, nematode diseasesAbstract
One of the main issues in crop production, quality and farmers' income is plant diseases. Fungal, bacterial, viral, nutritional and physiological diseases are common diseases affecting agricultural crops. These diseases affect various parts of plants including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds and grains. Consequently, plants become weak, their photosynthesis rate is lowered and plant growth is affected, reducing yield. All plant diseases require susceptible plant host, a disease-causing pathogen and favourable environmental conditions. Other conditions that promote disease include infected seed, poor soil health, excess moisture, high humidity, and the lack of rotation and good field sanitation. Wheat rust, rice blast, bacterial leaf blight, maize downy mildew, potato late blight, tomato leaf curl, wilt disease and root-knot disease are major crop diseases which lead to significant losses in agricultural production. Thus, disease management is an important factor in sustainable agriculture. Reduction of disease spread by cultural, biological, chemical, resistant variety, seed treatment, crop rotation, and proper irrigation and field sanitation. The most effective approach is Integrated Disease Management (IDM) which incorporates various control modalities in a well-balanced and environmentally sustainable way. Therefore, plant disease and plant disease management studies are crucial to the increase of the productivity of crops, the security of food and sustainable agriculture development.
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