Study and time History Analysis of G+12 RCC Hospital Building in Seismic Zone III using ETABS: A Review

Abstract

This review paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of seismic retrofitting techniques for reinforced concrete (RC) structures, with particular emphasis on buildings in earthquake-prone regions. The increasing prevalence of RC structures in Indian towns and cities, coupled with evolving seismic zone classifications and design codes, has necessitated the reassessment and strengthening of existing buildings that were originally designed without adequate seismic provisions. The paper synthesizes findings from numerous studies (2018-2025) that employ various analytical tools including ETABS, SAP2000, and STAAD Pro for seismic analysis through linear static, response spectrum, and nonlinear pushover methods. Key retrofitting techniques examined include fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapping, reinforced concrete jacketing, steel jacketing, steel bracing systems (particularly X-bracing), shear wall incorporation, seismic dampers, base isolation, and external stiffening. The reviewed literature demonstrates that X-bracing systems reduce lateral displacements by up to 40.56%, while shear walls achieve reductions of approximately 46.81% compared to unbraced frames. RC jacketing reduced bending moments by 49.39% in deficient columns, and grid-beam systems increased load-carrying capacity by 124-150%. The effectiveness of each technique varies based on structural characteristics, seismic zone requirements, and economic considerations. The review identifies that CFRP jacketing, while effective, is limited to seismic Zone II applications, whereas bracing systems and shear walls demonstrate broader applicability across higher seismic zones. The paper concludes that proper seismic assessment and appropriate retrofitting selection are critical for enhancing structural resilience, with X-bracing and shear walls emerging as the most consistently effective techniques for multi-story RC buildings.