Understanding Conflict and Coexistence: A Study of Human–Leopard Interactions in Jhalana, Jaipur

Abstract

Understanding human–leopard interactions in urban landscapes is crucial for developing sustainable conservation strategies, particularly in rapidly growing Indian cities where wildlife habitats are increasingly fragmented. Jhalana, located within the metropolitan boundaries of Jaipur, presents a unique case where a stable leopard population coexists with dense human settlements, offering valuable insights into the dynamics of conflict and coexistence. This study investigates the ecological patterns and social dimensions that shape human–leopard relationships in the Jhalana landscape. Using a mixed-methods approach combining field observations, secondary ecological data, GPS-based mapping, and community surveys, the research examines leopard movement patterns, habitat use, prey availability, and the spatial distribution of interaction zones. Simultaneously, it analyses community perceptions, fear levels, tolerance, cultural attitudes, and the influence of livelihood dependence—particularly livestock rearing and tourism-related activities—on coexistence outcomes. Findings reveal that leopards exhibit significant behavioural adaptability, using scrub corridors, rocky hillocks, and semi-natural urban patches to navigate the landscape while avoiding direct confrontation. Most interactions are non-threatening, though livestock depredation and fear-based concerns persist in fringe settlements. Tourism contributes positively by generating local employment and fostering conservation awareness, yet requires careful regulation to prevent ecological disturbance. The study highlights that long-term coexistence in Jhalana depends on integrating ecological insights, community engagement, and urban-sensitive management practices to ensure the wellbeing of both people and leopards.