IoT-Based Real-Time Rainfall Quantification and Automated Response System using ESP32 and MQTT Protocol

Abstract

Communication between environmental sensors and automated response systems is critical for precision agriculture and smart home infrastructure. This paper presents "RAINSENSE," an IoT-based environmental monitoring system designed to detect rainfall onset and quantify intensity in real-time. The system leverages the ESP32 microcontroller and the MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol to ensure low-latency data transmission to a cloud-based dashboard. A resistive rain-sensing module provides dual-output signals (analog and digital), allowing the system to categorize precipitation into light, moderate, and heavy rainfall. To translate this data into physical action, the system integrates servo motors for automated cover deployment (e.g., closing windows or roofs) and relays for triggering external alarms or pumps. Furthermore, a software-driven power-gating mechanism is implemented to prevent the electrochemical corrosion of the sensor pad, significantly increasing device longevity. The results demonstrate a responsive, scalable, and cost-effective solution for automated environmental management.